中国硬叶兜兰主要分布区居群表型多样性分析

研究基于硬叶兜兰（Paphiopedilum micranthum）表型变异，通过相关性、主成分以及聚类等分析，对9个硬叶兜兰野生居群的22个表型性状指标进行了调查研究，探究硬叶兜兰居群间及居群内表型多样性，为硬叶兜兰资源的进一步保护和利用奠定基础。结果表明：硬叶兜兰在居群间具有丰富的表型多样性，居群内变异较少。平均表型分化系数（Vst）为64%，居群间表型分化高于居群内表型分化。22个性状的平均变异系数（CV）范围为9.52% ~ 31.48%，9个居群平均变异系数为14.55% ~ 18.51%，在表型间差异显著，在居群间差异不显著。主成分分析表明，花纵径等花部性状和株高等营养性状是硬叶兜兰变异的主要因素。Pearson相关性分析表明，株高、中萼片长和花瓣长与大部分性状都呈现显著正相关；冠幅、叶片数等营养性状与海拔存在显著正相关性，而花横径、花纵径等生殖性状与海拔存在显著或极显著负相关性。聚类分析结果表明，9个居群可以聚类为3个类群，和硬叶兜兰地理分布距离一致。     

卷丹转基因体系构建及岷江百合LrCCoAOMT的导入

以卷丹（Lilium lancifolium Thunb.）无菌小鳞片为试材，通过切片处理、优化农杆菌侵染浓度与时间以及重悬液和共培养基成分，构建农杆菌介导的高效遗传转化体系。结果表明，MS + 1.5 mg ? L-1 6-BA + 0.5 mg ? L-1 NAA + 30 g ? L-1蔗糖是切片芽分化的最佳培养基，添加100 mg ? L-1抗坏血酸能有效抑制褐化并促进不定芽增殖。MS + 2.0 mg ? L-1 NAA + 30 g ? L-1蔗糖是生根诱导的最佳培养基。抗生素敏感性测试发现，培养基中添加Kan 100 mg ? L-1或Hyg 75 mg ? L-1 结合Cef 400 mg ? L-1适宜抗性筛选。GUS染色分析表明，以去除大量元素的改良MS + 100 μmol ? L-1 AS和去除大量元素的改良MS + 1.0 mg ? L-1 6-BA + 1.0 mg ? L-1 NAA + 100 μmol ? L-1 AS为重悬液和共培养基，将切片在农杆菌菌液浓度OD600为0.4，侵染15 min，获得81.72% 瞬时转化率和25.2% 稳定遗传转化率。将岷江百合LrCCoAOMT转化卷丹，分子检测和GUS染色分析表明已获得转基因阳性株系。     

杉木全同胞家系的遗传分析及重要树冠因子的筛选

通过对5年生杉木6×6全双列杂交(Griffing Ⅲ)试验林的调查与分析，研究杉木若干性状的遗传与变异规律，并筛选决定理想株型的重要树冠结构因子，为杂交育种和杉木理想株型无性系选育提供科学依据。运用转化分析法来处理不平衡试验数据，结合配合力分析法、相关分析法和通径分析法,研究杉木遗传变异、基因作用方式和重要树冠因子的选择。通过对杉木若干性状进行研究，获得了不同性状遗传变异大小。结果表明，杉木材积、枝下高和饱满度等性状具有中度遗传变性，树高、胸径具有窄的遗传变异性，同时杉木改良性状具有中度以上的遗传力，因此杉木生长形质性状宜采用连续多世代改良；在杉木生长、形质性状和树冠结构性状中，12个研究性状有8个重要性状的基因作用方式以非加性遗传基因效应为主，杉木高世代育种亲本是多世代与高强度选择的产物,杂合体居多,杉木的多性状、高世代遗传改良以杂交育种为主；生长、形质和树冠结构性状间具有明显的遗传相关性，通径分析揭示:决定杉木理想株型育种中重要树冠结构性状是冠形率和树冠表面积大小。由此可见:杉木多性状、多世代连续改良以杂交育种为主，杉木无性系理想株型选择时，应注重冠形率和树冠表面积的作用。     

The management type used in plum orchards alters the functional community structure of arthropod predators

Abstract

The management practices in agroecosystems can alter the community structure of pests’ natural enemies, which can consequently disturb their biocontrol function. Here, we investigated how organic or conventional farming influence the community structure of arthropod predators (spiders, coccinelids, anthocorids, ants) in orchards. The three conventional orchards studied were plum tree monocultures where mainly fungicides were applied. The three organic orchards studied were dominated by plum trees with admixture of apple trees and no agrochemical was applied. We found that management significantly affected only spiders that were less abundant in the conventional orchards than in the organic orchards. In addition, the conventional management resulted in reduced species density and altered the community composition of spiders. The conventional management reduced the functional dispersion of spider body size, which may narrow the size-spectrum of pests that could be reduced by spiders. The conventional management also reduced abundances of foliage hunters and space-web spiders. Since these spiders are effective against various insect pests, the conventional management of applying fungicides might result in increased crop damage via increased insect pests.     

Exploring tree diversity and stand structure of savanna woodlands in southeastern Sudan

Savanna woodlands in Sudan host great biodiversity, provide a plethora of ecosystem goods and services to local communities, and sustain numerous ecological functions. Although the importance of the Acacia trees in these areas is well known, up-to-date information about these woodlands' diversity is limited and changes in their woody vegetation composition, density, diversity and relative frequency are not monitored over time. This study explored tree diversity and stand stage structure in Nuara Reserved Forest, a typical savanna woodland ecosystem in southeastern Sudan. A total of 638 circular sample plots (1000 m² for each) were established using a systematic sampling grid method. The distance between plots was 200 m. In each plot, all living trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥5.00 cm were identified and counted, and their DBH values were recorded. From these data, tree composition, diversity, density and stage structure were assessed. There were 12,259 individual trees representing four species (Acacia seyal, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia Senegal and Acacia mellifera) that belong to two families. The dominant species was Acacia seyal. Average tree density was 191 trees/hm² and the Shannon-Weiner index for trees diversity was 0.204. Overall, young trees comprised 86.30% of the forest. The state of tree richness and density in the study area was low compared to other similar environments in the region and around the world. We recommended adoption of a proper management system that includes monitoring of woody vegetation diversity in this forest, and management actions to enhance tree diversity and sustain ecosystem services to local communities. In addition to care for the dominant Acacia seyal stands, more attention and conservation should be devoted to reestablishing Acacia senegal and Acacia mellifera trees because of their high ecological and economic values for local communities.     

Precipitation forecasting by large-scale climate indices and machine learning techniques

Global warming is one of the most complicated challenges of our time causing considerable tension on our societies and on the environment. The impacts of global warming are felt unprecedentedly in a wide variety of ways from shifting weather patterns that threatens food production, to rising sea levels that deteriorates the risk of catastrophic flooding. Among all aspects related to global warming, there is a growing concern on water resource management. This field is targeted at preventing future water crisis threatening human beings. The very first stage in such management is to recognize the prospective climate parameters influencing the future water resource conditions. Numerous prediction models, methods and tools, in this case, have been developed and applied so far. In line with trend, the current study intends to compare three optimization algorithms on the platform of a multilayer perceptron (MLP) network to explore any meaningful connection between large-scale climate indices (LSCIs) and precipitation in the capital of Iran, a country which is located in an arid and semi-arid region and suffers from severe water scarcity caused by mismanagement over years and intensified by global warming. This situation has propelled a great deal of population to immigrate towards more developed cities within the country especially towards Tehran. Therefore, the current and future environmental conditions of this city especially its water supply conditions are of great importance. To tackle this complication an outlook for the future precipitation should be provided and appropriate forecasting trajectories compatible with this region's characteristics should be developed. To this end, the present study investigates three training methods namely backpropagation (BP), genetic algorithms (GAs), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms on a MLP platform. Two frameworks distinguished by their input compositions are denoted in this study: Concurrent Model Framework (CMF) and Integrated Model Framework (IMF). Through these two frameworks, 13 cases are generated: 12 cases within CMF, each of which contains all selected LSCIs in the same lead-times, and one case within IMF that is constituted from the combination of the most correlated LSCIs with Tehran precipitation in each lead-time. Following the evaluation of all model performances through related statistical tests, Taylor diagram is implemented to make comparison among the final selected models in all three optimization algorithms, the best of which is found to be MLP-PSO in IMF.     

Weed community responses to soil type during transition to no-till practice on smallholder farms in Zimbabwe

Understanding drivers of weed density and diversity is essential for the development of weed management strategies. Here, we compared temporal changes in weed density and diversity under no-till (NT) and conventional (CONV) tillage systems in cotton–maize rotations on loam, clay loam and sandy loam soils immediately after transition to NT in Kadoma, Zimbabwe. The effect of tillage system on weed density varied through the growth season and was dependent upon soil type and species composition of the weed community. Although weed responses to tillage system varied amongst species, we identified general trend effects on weed density on specific soils. At 3 weeks after crop emergence (WACE), weed density on loam soils was 76% and 96% higher in NT than in CONV during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons, respectively, and on clay loam soils it was 37% and 33% higher in NT than CONV, respectively. Weed densities in NT and CONV were similar across all soil types at 6 WACE during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons and at 9 WACE in 2009/2010. Tillage system did not affect weed density during the growth season on sandy loam soils. Weed diversity (Shannon index) was at least 75% higher in NT than CONV on loam and clay loam soils at 3 WACE during both seasons. It is likely these increases in weed densities following conversion to NT will exacerbate already prevalent weed management problems in the smallholder sector. Earlier weeding is recommended to suppress weed emergence and reduce likely associated crop yield losses.     

新单系列玉米品种的遗传基础解析以及品质和产量性状变化趋势分析

为探索新单系列玉米品种籽粒品质性状之间的关系以及产量性状的变化趋势,以新乡市农科院2003年以来审定的玉米品种为材料,研究了它们的遗传基础、杂优模式、品质性状以及群体、个体生产力。结果表明：13个玉米品种利用的杂优模式主要有2种,9个品种杂优模式为改良Reid×唐四平头,4个品种为外来种质×唐四平头。品质分析中,‘新单28’、‘新单38’、‘新单66’粗淀粉含量高,‘新单61’、‘新单65’和‘新单68’的粗蛋白和赖氨酸含量高。粗脂肪含量和粗淀粉含量之间呈显著负相关,相关系数为0.610,粗蛋白含量和赖氨酸含量之间呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.491。产量分析表明,‘新单22’单株生产力最大,‘新单33’单株生产力最小,‘新单58’的群体生产力最大,‘新单28’的群体生产力最小。群体生产力随密度增加呈现上升趋势,其中密度为75000株/hm²时的群体生产力较45000株/hm²高62.9%,平均每公顷增加7500株产量增益为12.97%。单株生产力随密度增加开始呈下降趋势,增至60000株/hm²后逐渐平缓,低密度时单株生产力较高密度高5.5%。外来种质×唐四平头杂优模式选育的玉米新品种在品质上优于改良Reid×唐四平头模式选育的品种,且耐密性也显著增加,群体生产力也不断上升。